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[E5848] During the 1907 financial panic, J.P. Morgan functioned as America's de facto central bank, raising $25 million in 10-12 minutes to prevent NYSE closure and directing $25 million in government funds as lender of last resort. This systemic fragility — relying on a single private banker for crisis management — directly catalyzed the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, establishing the modern central banking regime.
commentary · 2025-12-06
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[E6061] The 1907 panic illustrates how absence of a central bank lender-of-last-resort forces reliance on private actors for liquidity provision. Morgan raised $25 million in 10-12 minutes to prevent NYSE closure on Oct 24, 1907, and directed $25 million in government funds — effectively functioning as America's central bank. Senator Aldrich's recognition that 'we may not always have Pierpont Morgan' led directly to the Federal Reserve's creation in 1913.
commentary · 2025-12-06